Índice leucocitos/eosinófilos como marcador pronóstico del choque séptico / Leukocyte/eosinophil Ratio as a Prognostic Marker of Septic Choque

Introducción: Se ha reconocido mundialmente el choque séptico como causa de una alta incidencia en la mortalidad. La incorporación de nuevos biomarcadores posibilita la obtención de un diagnóstico rápido y preciso. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad del índice leucocitos/eosinófilos como marcador pronóstico del choque séptico. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación en dos etapas: la primera descriptiva en la cual se detallaron las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y las variaciones de los estudios de laboratorio y la segunda explicativa de cohorte para estimar el valor predictivo del biomarcador leucocitos/eosinopenia en el choque séptico. Se realizó el recuento de eosinófilos y se obtuvo la media aritmética. Se consideró eosinopenia relativa con valores por debajo de la media de eosinófilos. Resultados: En el estudio se demostró que la leucocitosis fue de (27,4 células*mm3), la disminución del hematocrito (32,2 por ciento) y el descenso del número plaquetario (125,6 célula*mm3) prevalecen en el choque séptico. Además se refleja el descenso de los eosinófilos (18,5 células/mcl), aumento del índice leucocitos/eosinófilos (148,1) y empeoramiento del SOFA (2,8). El aumento del índice leucocitos/eosinófilos se correlaciona con el aumento de la proteína C reactiva y la procalcitonina. Conclusiones: La correlación de la leucocitosis y la eosinopenia mostró la utilidad del índice leucocitos/eosinopenia como factor de predicción del choque séptico(AU)

Introduction: Septic shock has been recognized worldwide as a cause of high incidence of mortality. The incorporation of new biomarkers makes it possible to obtain a rapid and accurate diagnosis. Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of the leukocyte/eosinophil ratio as a prognostic marker of septic shock. Methods: An investigation was carried out in two stages: in the first (the descriptive phase) the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and variations of the laboratory studies were detailed and in the second (the explanatory cohort phase), the predictive value of the leukocytes/eosinopenia biomarker in septic shock was estimated. The eosinophil count was performed and the arithmetic mean was obtained. Relative eosinopenia was considered with eosinophil values below the average. Results: The study showed that leukocytosis was 27.4 cells*mm3, hematocrit decreased in 32.2percent and decreased platelet number (125.6 cells*mm3) prevail in septic shock. In addition, a decrease in eosinophils (18.5 cells/mcl), an increase in the leukocyte/eosinophil ratio (148.1) and worsening of SOFA (2.8) are reflected. The increase in the leukocyte/eosinophil ratio is correlated with the increase in C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. Conclusions: The correlation of leukocytosis and eosinopenia showed the usefulness of the leukocyte/eosinopenia index as a predictor of septic shock(AU)

Clinico-Bacteriological Profile of Typhoid Fever in a Private Sector Hospital in New Delhi

Objective: To describe the demographic, clinical, laboratory and bacteriological profile ofchildren with diagnosis of typhoid fever over a six-year period. Methods: Case recordanalysis of hospitalized children (≤5 y) with culture positive typhoid fever. Results: Bloodculture was positive in 100 (61%) of 166 suspected cases, with 78 isolates of SalmonellaTyphi and 22 Salmonella Paratyphi A. Only 12 children were aged below two years.Hepatomegaly (32), splenomegaly (44), eosinopenia (42), positive widal (15, 21.1%) andpositive Typhidot IgM (18, 28.1%) were not consistently observed. High susceptibility toAmpicillin, Chloramphenicol, Cotrimoxazole (87, 89, and 94, isolates, respectively), 100%susceptibility to third generation cephalosporins and Azithromycin, and high resistance toNalidixic Acid [(S. Typhi 48 (61.5%)], S. Paratyphi A 16 (72.7%)) were observed. Conclusion:We observed a high isolation rate of salmonella in blood culture, despite prior use ofantibiotics. Most salmonella isolates were susceptible in vitro to standard drugs, exceptnalidixic acid.

Utilidad de la eosinopenia como marcador pronóstico de severidad en sepsis / Usefulness of eosinopenia as prognostic marker of severity in sepsis

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: la sepsis es la causa principal de morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes críticos, es necesario contar con marcadores pronósticos de severidad que sean cada vez más accesibles y útiles para guiar el tratamiento de manera oportuna. Existe evidencia que demuestra la utilidad de la eosinopenia como marcador pronóstico de severidad. También se ha demostrado que la eosinopenia podría estar asociada con mayor tasa de mortalidad probablemente como consecuencia del entorno inflamatorio sistémico. OBJETIVO: evaluar la utilidad del recuento bajo de eosinófilos como marcador pronóstico de severidad de sepsis. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo, efectuado en pacientes con diagnóstico de sepsis del Hospital General Xoco. Se determinaron los datos para registro, como edad, sexo, antecedentes de padecimientos crónico-degenerativos, diagnóstico, gravedad clínica del paciente por escala SOFA, y se hizo seguimiento temporal a su ingreso y a las 72 horas; se realizó el recuento de eosinófilos y se obtuvo la media aritmética. Se consideró eosinopenia relativa con valores por debajo de la media de eosinófilos. Posteriormente se realizó una asignación a grupos de acuerdo con la elevación del recuento de eosinófilos después de 72 horas de tratamiento en comparación con su valor inicial. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 60 pacientes con estado crítico que requirieron apoyo multiorgánico. La mayoría eran hombres y el promedio de edad fue de 51 años La mayoría de los pacientes (58%) tenía diabetes mellitus. Al comparar el puntaje SOFA del grupo con eosinopenia vs sin eosinopenia se encontraron diferencias significativas, lo que pareciera indicar que la eosinopenia tiene un efecto clínico directo en el estado del paciente; es decir, el grupo con eosinopenia tuvo mayor hipoperfusión tisular o insuficiencia orgánica en comparación con el grupo sin eosinopenia. Se encontró elevación significativa de eosinófilos a las 72 horas. CONCLUSIONES: la eosinopenia y aumento de eosinófilos después de 72 horas de tratamiento mostraron relación con la modificación de la severidad de la sepsis. Esto sugiere la utilidad de la eosinopenia como factor de predicción de severidad de la sepsis.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Sepsis is considered the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in critical patients, it is necessary to have prognostic markers of severity that are increasingly accessible and useful to guide treatment in a timely manner. Evidence demonstrates the usefulness of eosinopenia as a prognostic marker of severity. It has also been shown that eosinopenia may be associated with a higher mortality rate, probably due to the systemic inflammatory environment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of low eosinophil counts as a prognostic marker of sepsis severity. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was done in patients with diagnosis of sepsis of Xoco General Hospital, Mexico City. Data were recorded for registry such as age, sex, chronic-degenerative history, diagnosis, clinical severity of the patient by SOFA scale, and a temporal follow-up was recorded at admission and at 72 h, eosinophil counts and the arithmetic average were performed. Relative eosinopenia was considered with values below the mean of eosinophils. Subsequently, group allocation was performed according to eosinophil count elevation after 72 hours of treatment compared to baseline. RESULTS: Sixty patients with critical condition requiring multi-organ support were included. The majority were men and the average age was 51 years. Most patients (58%) had diabetes mellitus. When comparing the SOFA score of the group with eosinopenia vs no eosinopenia, significant differences were found, which seems to indicate that the eosinopenia factor has a direct clinical impact on the patient's condition, that is, the group with eosinopenia presented greater tissue hypoperfusion or organic failure in comparison with the group without eosinopenia. A significant eosinophil elevation was found at 72 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Eosinopenia and improvement of eosinophils after 72 hours of treatment were related to the modification of severity of sepsis. This suggests its usefulness of eosinopenia as a predictor of severity of sepsis.

Intoxicação por sal em suínos: aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos e breve revisão de literatura / Salt poisoning in swine: epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects and brief review of the literature

Salt poisoning occurs commonly in pigs by excessive intake of sodium chloride or by a period water deprivation for followed by free access to water. The objective of this work is to aggregate data from cases of salt poisoning, combining existing data in the literature and describe the main clinical and pathological features observed. We reviewed five outbreaks, one of which was carefully monitored. In three of them the intake of sodium chloride had been determined. Clinical signs were basically seizures with the lateral decubitus with paddling movements. Circling was observed in some cases. Sodium determination in muscle of and liver fragments, serum, cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous humor showed increased concentrations of this ion. There was eosinopenia characterizing increased recruitment eosinophils from the circulation into the brain. In all outbreaks eosinophil infiltration was observed in the meninges and the Virchow-Robin space of the cerebral cortex. Cortical laminar necrosis was more pronounced in the brain of pigs from one of the outbreaks in which animals were sick for six days. The combination of these two lesions characterizes the disease. The changes observed result from high concentrations of sodium in the brain causing cause edema that leads to increased intracranial pressure and decreased perfusion to the brain tissue causing diffuse ischemia and neuronal necrosis, with consequent malacia.

Intoxicação por sal ocorre comumente em suínos por ingestão excessiva de cloreto de sódio ou por privação de água por um período de tempo, seguido de um livre acesso a água abundante. O objetivo deste trabalho é agregar dados de casos de intoxicação por sal, diagnosticados, compilar dados já existentes na literatura e caracterizar as principais alterações clínicas e patológicas observadas. Foram revisados cinco surtos, sendo que um deles foi minuciosamente acompanhado. Em três deles a ingestão de cloreto de sódio foi determinada. Os sinais clínicos eram basicamente convulsões, com intensos tremores musculares e desenvolvimento de opistótono. Os animais permaneciam em decúbito lateral, fazendo movimentos de pedalagem. Alguns andavam em círculos. Dosagens de sódio em fragmentos de músculo e de fígado, no soro, líquor e humor aquoso revelaram concentrações aumentadas do íon. A quantidade de eosinófilos circulantes foi baixa caracterizando grande recrutamento dessas células para o encéfalo. Em todos os surtos foi observada infiltração de eosinófilos nas leptomeninges e no espaço de Virchow-Robin do córtex cerebral. Necrose cortical laminar foi observada mais detalhadamente em um dos surtos onde os suínos estavam doentes há seis dias. A combinação dessas duas lesões caracteriza a doença. Todas as alterações observadas podem ser explicadas pela provável patogenia da doença em que as elevadas concentrações de sódio causam edema cerebral que leva ao aumento da pressão intracraniana e decréscimo da perfusão para o cérebro causando isquemia difusa e necrose neuronal, com consequente malacia.